Thursday, January 7, 2010
barack obama
ജനനം ഓഗസ്റ്റ് 4 1961 (1961-08-04) (പ്രായം 48)
Honolulu, Hawaii, United States[1]
രാഷ്ട്രീയ പാര്ട്ടി Democratic
ജീവിതപങ്കാളി Michelle Obama (m. 1992)
തൊഴില് Community organizer
Attorney
Author
Professor
Politician
മതം Christian
(Most recent denomination:[2]
United Church of Christ)
ഒപ്പ്
This article is part of a series about
Barack Obama
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2008 primaries · Obama–Biden campaign
Transition · Inauguration · US Presidency
ബറാക്ക് ഹുസൈന് ഒബാമ അമേരിക്കന് ഐക്യനാടുകളുടെ ഇപ്പോഴത്തെയും, 44-മത്തെയും പ്രസിഡന്റാണ്.[4] പ്രസിഡന്റായി തെരഞ്ഞെടുക്കപ്പെടുന്നതിനു മുന്പേ ഇല്ലിനോയി സംസ്ഥാനത്തുനിന്നുള്ള അമേരിക്കന് സെനറ്റ് അംഗമായിരുന്നു. യു.എസ്. സെനറ്റിന്റെ ചരിത്രരേഖകള് പ്രകാരം ആഫ്രിക്കന് - അമേരിക്കന് വിഭാഗത്തില് നിന്നും സെനറ്റിലെത്തുന്ന അഞ്ചാമത്തെയാളാണ് ഇദ്ദേഹം. 2009 ജനുവരി 20 നു സ്ഥാനമേറ്റതോടെ അമേരിക്കന് ചരിത്രത്തിലെ ആദ്യത്തെ ആഫ്രോ-അമേരിക്കന് പ്രസിഡന്റായിത്തീര്ന്നു ഒബാമ. [5] 2009 ജനുവരി 20-നാണ് ഒബാമ അമേരിക്കന് പ്രസിഡണ്ടായി സത്യപ്രതിജ്ഞ ചെയ്തത്. 2009-ലെ സമാധാനത്തിനുള്ള നോബല് സമ്മാനം ഒബാമയ്ക്കാണ് ലഭിച്ചത്.[6]
1996-ലാണ് ഒബാമ ഇല്ലിനോയി സംസ്ഥാന സെനറ്റിലേക്ക് തിരഞ്ഞെടുക്കപ്പെട്ടത്. നാലു വര്ഷത്തിന് ശേഷം യു.എസ്. പ്രതിനിധിസഭയിലേക്ക് മത്സരിച്ചു എങ്കിലും പരാജയപ്പെടുകയുണ്ടായി. പക്ഷെ അദ്ദേഹം എതിരാളികളില്ലാതെയാണ് 2002-ഇലെ സംസ്ഥാന സെനറ്റിലേക്ക് വീണ്ടും തിരഞ്ഞെടുക്കപ്പെട്ടത്. 2002 മുതല് തന്നെ ഇദ്ദേഹം ഇറാഖ് യുദ്ധത്തെ എതിര്ത്തിരുന്നു. 2004-ലെ തിരഞ്ഞെടുപ്പ് പ്രചരണത്തിനിടയില് ഡെമോക്രാറ്റിക് പാര്ട്ടിയുടെ ദേശീയ കണ്വെന്ഷനില് നല്കിയ പ്രസംഗമാണ് ഇദ്ദേഹത്തെ രാജ്യ വ്യാപകമായി പ്രസിദ്ധനാക്കിയത്. ആ തിരഞ്ഞെടുപ്പിലാവട്ടെ മുഴുവന് വോട്ടിന്റെ 70% നേടി തന്റെ എതിരാളിയെ ഇദ്ദേഹം അട്ടിമറിച്ചു. 2007 ഫെബ്രുവരി 10ന് ഇല്ലിനോയിയിലെ സ്പ്രിങ്ഫീല്ഡില് വച്ച് 2008-ലെ പ്രസിഡന്റ് തിരഞ്ഞെടുപ്പിനുള്ള തന്റെ സ്ഥാനാര്ത്ഥിത്വം ഒബാമ ഔദ്യോഗികമായി പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു. ഡെമോക്രാറ്റിക് പാര്ട്ടി പ്രൈമറിയില് ഹിലരി ക്ലിന്റനെ പരാജയപ്പെടുത്തി പാര്ട്ടി സ്ഥാനാര്ത്ഥിയായി. 2008 നവംബര് നാലിനു നടന്ന പൊതുതിരഞ്ഞെടുപ്പില് റിപബ്ലിക്കന് പാര്ട്ടിയിലെ ജോണ് മക്കെയ്നെ പരാജയപ്പെടുത്തി യു.എസ്. പ്രസിഡന്റ് സ്ഥാനത്തേക്കു തിരഞ്ഞെടുക്കപ്പെട്ടു.
ഒബാമ കൊളംബിയ യൂനിവേഴ്സിറ്റിയില് നിന്നും, ഹാര്വാര്ഡ് ലോ സ്കൂളില് നിന്നുമാണ് വിദ്യാഭ്യാസം നേടിയത്. ഹാര്വാര്ഡ് ലോ റിവ്യൂയുടെ ആദ്യത്തെ ആഫ്രിക്കന് അമേരിക്കന് പ്രസിഡണ്ട് ഒബാമയായിരുന്നു. നിയമപഠനത്തിനു ചേരുന്നതിനു മുന്പ് ചിക്കാഗോയില് സാമൂഹ്യപ്രവര്ത്തകനായും, ഇല്ലിനോയിയില് സെനറ്റ് അംഗമായി 1997 മുതല് 2004 വരെ തെരഞ്ഞെടുക്കപ്പെടുന്നതു വരെ സിവില് നിയമ അറ്റോര്ണറിയായും സേവനമനുഷ്ടിച്ചിട്ടുണ്ട്. 1992 മുതല് 2004 വരെ ചിക്കാഗോ ലോ സ്കൂളില് ഒരു അദ്ധ്യാപകനായും ഒബാമ സേവനമനുഷ്ടിച്ചിട്ടുണ്ട്
[തിരുത്തുക] ജനനം, ആദ്യ കാലം
ഹവായിയിലെ ഹൊണോലൂലുവിലാണ് ഒബാമ ജനിച്ചത്. മിശ്രവിവാഹിതരായിരുന്നു മാതാപിതാക്കള്. പിതാവ് ബറാക്ക് ഹുസൈന് ഒബാമ കെനിയന് മുസ്ലീമും മാതാവ് ആന് ഡണ്ഹം കന്സാസ് സ്വദേശിനിയായ വെള്ളക്കാരിയും. ഹവായ് സര്വകലാശാലയിലെ പഠനത്തിനിടയിലാണ് ഒബാമയുടെ മാതാപിതാക്കള് വിവാഹിതരാകുന്നത്. അച്ഛന് അവിടെ വിദേശ വിദ്യാര്ത്ഥിയായിരുന്നു.
ഒബാമയ്ക്കു രണ്ടു വയസ് മാത്രമുള്ളപ്പോള് മാതാപിതാക്കള് വിവാഹബന്ധം വേര്പെടുത്തി. അച്ഛന് കെനിയയിലേക്കു മടങ്ങുകയും ചെയ്തു. അമ്മ ഹവായ് സര്വകലാശാലയിലെ തന്നെ ഒരു ഇന്തോനേഷ്യന് വിദ്യാര്ത്ഥിയെ വിവാഹം ചെയ്തു. ഈ ബന്ധത്തില് ഒബാമയ്ക്ക് ഒരു അര്ദ്ധ സഹോദരിയുണ്ട്. അമ്മയുടെ രണ്ടാം വിവാഹശേഷം ജക്കാര്ത്തയിലേക്കു പോയ ഒബാമ പത്താം വയസുവരെ അവിടെയാണു പഠിച്ചത്. പിന്നീട് ഹൊണോലൂലുവില് തിരിച്ചെത്തി അമ്മയുടെ കുടുംബത്തോടൊപ്പം വളര്ന്നു. ഒബാമയ്ക്ക് 21 വയസുള്ളപ്പോള് പിതാവ് കെനിയയില് വച്ച് വാഹനാപകടത്തില് കൊല്ലപ്പെട്ടു.
തന്റെ ബാല്യയൌവനങ്ങളെക്കുറിച്ച് “അച്ഛന് നല്കിയ സ്വപ്നങ്ങള്” (Dreams from My Father) എന്ന പേരില് ഒബാമ 1995-ല് ഒരു ഓര്മ്മപുസ്തകമിറക്കി. ബഹുവംശ പൈതൃകം ഒബാമയില് വരുത്തിയ മാറ്റങ്ങള് പ്രസ്തുത പുസ്തകത്തില് വ്യക്തമാക്കുന്നുണ്ട്. വെള്ളക്കാരിയായ അമ്മയുടെയും ബന്ധുക്കളുടെയും ഇടയില് കറുത്തവനായി വളര്ന്ന തന്റെ ബാല്യകാലത്ത് ബഹുവംശപൈതൃകം വലിയ പ്രശ്നമായിരുന്നില്ലെന്ന് ഒബാമ പറയുന്നു. എങ്കിലും ചിത്രങ്ങളില് മാത്രം കണ്ടു പരിചയമുള്ള അച്ഛനെക്കുറിച്ചുള്ള ചിന്ത അലട്ടിയിരുന്നു. അസ്ഥിത്വത്തെക്കുറിച്ചുള്ള സങ്കീര്ണ്ണമായ സംശയങ്ങള് മൂലം കൌമാരകാലത്ത് കൊക്കെയിന് മാരിജുവാന തുടങ്ങിയ ലഹരികള്ക്ക് അടിമയായിരുന്നതായും അദ്ദേഹം പുസ്തകത്തില് തുറന്നു പറയുന്നു.
സ്കൂള് വിദ്യാഭ്യാസത്തിനു ശേഷം കൊളംബിയ സര്വകലാശാലയില് നിന്നും രാഷ്ട്രതന്ത്രശാസ്ത്രത്തില് ബിരുദം നേടി. രാജ്യാന്തരബന്ധങ്ങളായിരുന്നു ഐച്ഛികവിഷയം. 1985-ല് ഷിക്കാഗോയിലെത്തിയ ഒബാമ പ്രാദേശികദേവാലയങ്ങളുടെ സന്നദ്ധ പ്രവര്ത്തനങ്ങളില് മേല്നോട്ടക്കാരനായി പ്രവര്ത്തിച്ചു.
1988ല് ഹവാര്ഡ് ലോ സ്കൂളില് നിയമ പഠനത്തിനു ചേര്ന്നു. 1990 ഫെബ്രുവരിയില് ഹാര്വഡ് ലോ ജേണലിന്റെ കറുത്തവര്ഗക്കാരനായ ആദ്യ എഡിറ്റര് ആയി തിരഞ്ഞെടുക്കപ്പെട്ട ഒബാമ ദേശീയശ്രദ്ധ നേടി. ഹവാര്ഡിലെ പഠനശേഷം ഷിക്കാഗോയില് തിരിച്ചെത്തിയ അദ്ദേഹം ഒരു നിയമസ്ഥാപനത്തില് ജോലിയില് പ്രവേശിച്ചു. 1993 മുതല് 2004-ല് ഇല്ലിനോയി സംസ്ഥാന സെനറ്റിലേക്കു തിരഞ്ഞെടുക്കപ്പെടും വരെ ഷിക്കാഗോ സര്വകലാശാലയുടെ നിയമപഠനകേന്ദ്രത്തില് ഭരണഘടനാനിയമങ്ങള് പഠിപ്പിച്ചിരുന്നു.
സംസ്ഥാന നിയമസഭ
1996-ഇല് ഹൈഡ് പാര്ക്കും അതിനു സമീപമുള്ള സ്ഥലങ്ങളും ചേര്ന്ന പതിമൂന്നാം ജില്ലയില് നിന്ന് ഇല്ലിനോയി സംസ്ഥാന സെനറ്റിലേക്ക് തിരഞ്ഞെടുക്കപ്പെട്ടു. 2003ഇലാവട്ടെ ആരോഗ്യ, മനുഷ്യ സേവന വിഭാഗത്തിന്റെ ചെയര്മാനായി നിയമിക്കപ്പെട്ടു. എയ്ഡ്സ് പ്രതിരോധം, നികുതി, ആരോഗ്യ ഇന്ഷുറന്സ് മുതലായ കാര്യങ്ങള്ക്ക് ശ്രദ്ധേയമായ സഹായങ്ങള് ചെയ്തു.
രണ്ടായിരത്തില്, യൂ.എസ് പ്രതിനിധി സഭയിലേക്ക് ബോബി റഷിന് എതിരായി മത്സരിച്ചുവെങ്കിലും പരാജയപ്പെടുകയുണ്ടായി. റഷ് ആവട്ടെ ഒരു മുന്കാല ബ്ലാക്ക് പാന്തര് അംഗവും സാമൂഹ്യ പ്രവര്ത്തകനും ആയിരുന്നു. ഇദ്ദേഹം ഒബാമയുടെ പരിചയക്കുറവിനെ ഏറെ പരിഹസിക്കുകയും ചെയ്തിരുന്നു. തിരഞ്ഞെടുപ്പില് റഷിന് 61% വോട്ടും ഒബാമക്ക് 30% മാത്രം വോട്ടും ലഭിച്ചു. ഈ പരാജയത്തിന് ശേഷം, ഒബാമ സംസ്ഥാന സെനറ്റില് കൂടുതല് സജ്ജിവമായി പ്രവര്ത്തിക്കുവാന് തുടങ്ങി. സംസ്ഥാനത്ത് വധശിക്ഷ ലഭിക്കാവുന്ന കുറ്റവാളികളുടെ ചോദ്യം ചെയ്യല് വീഡിയോ രേഖപ്പെടുത്തണമെന്ന നിയമം ഇദ്ദേഹമാണ് കൊണ്ടുവന്നത്. അതിന് ശേഷം 2002-ഇലെ തിരഞ്ഞെടുപ്പില് എതിരാളികളില്ലാതെയാണ് ഇദ്ദേഹം തിരഞ്ഞെടുക്കപ്പെട്ടത്.
രണ്ടായിരത്തിയേഴ് ഫെബ്രുവരിയില് ഒബാമയുടെ രാഷ്ട്രീയ ജീവിതത്തെ വിശകലനം ചെയ്ത വാഷിങ്ടണ് പോസ്റ്റ്, റിപ്പബ്ലിക്കന് പാര്ട്ടി അനുഭാവികളോടൂം ഡെമോക്രാറ്റ് പാര്ട്ടി അനുഭാവികളോടും ഒരുപോലെ പ്രവര്ത്തിക്കാനും ഇരുകക്ഷി ഐക്യം വളര്ത്താനും ഉള്ള അദ്ദേഹത്തിന്റെ കഴിവിനെ പ്രശംസിക്കുകയുണ്ടായി.
2004-ഇലെ ദേശീയ ഡെമോക്രാറ്റിക് കണ്വെന്ഷനിലെ പ്രസംഗം
2004-ഇലെ യു.എസ്. സെനറ്റ് തിരഞ്ഞെടുപ്പ് പ്രചരണത്തിനിടയില്, ഒബാമ മസാച്യുസെറ്റ്സിലെ ബോസ്റ്റണില്നടന്ന ദേശീയ ഡെമോക്രാറ്റിക് കണ്വെന്ഷനിലെ മുഖ്യ പ്രസംഗം തയ്യാറാക്കി പ്രസംഗിക്കുകയുണ്ടായി.
ഈ പ്രസംഗത്തില് രണ്ടാം ലോകമഹായുദ്ധത്തില് പങ്കെടുത്ത തന്റെ മാതൃ പിതാവിന്റെ അനുഭവങ്ങള് വിവരിച്ചതിന് ശേഷം ഒബാമ ഇങ്ങനെ പറഞ്ഞു:
“ഇല്ല, ജനങ്ങള് തങ്ങളുടെ എല്ലാ പ്രശ്നങ്ങളും സര്ക്കാരിനു പരിഹരിക്കാനാവുമെന്ന് പ്രതീക്ഷിക്കുന്നില്ല. പക്ഷെ നമ്മുടെ മുന്തൂക്കങ്ങളില് അല്പം മാറ്റങ്ങള് വരുത്തിയാല് അമേരിക്കയിലെ എല്ലാ കുട്ടികള്ക്കും ജീവിതത്തില് നല്ല അവസരങ്ങള് കിട്ടുമെന്നും അവസരങ്ങളുടെ വാതില് എല്ലാവര്ക്കായും തുറക്കാമെന്നും അവര് അറിയുന്നു. നമുക്ക് ഇതിലും നന്നാവാമെന്നും അറിയാം. അവര്ക്ക് അത് തിരഞ്ഞെടുക്കുവാനുള്ള സ്വാതന്ത്രവും വേണം.”
ഇറാഖ് യുദ്ധം കൈകാര്യം ചെയ്ത ബുഷ് ഭരണകൂടത്തെ ചോദ്യം ചെയ്തുകൊണ്ട് സംസാരിച്ച ഒബാമ, സീമസ് അഹെര്ന് എന്ന ശിപ്പായിയെക്കുറിച്ച്(കോര്പ്പറല്) ചോദിച്ചു. “സീമസ് നമ്മെ സേവിക്കുന്നതുപോലെ നാം അദ്ദേഹത്തേ സേവിക്കുന്നുണ്ടോ?” അദ്ദേഹം തുടര്ന്നു:
“നാം നമ്മുടെ യൂവാക്കളേയും യുവതികളേയും അപകടത്തിലേക്ക് പറഞ്ഞു വിടുമ്പോള്, അവര് പോകുന്നിടത്തേക്കുറിച്ച് സത്യം മറച്ച് വയ്ക്കുകയോ അവിടത്തെ കണക്കുകള് തെറ്റിക്കുകയോ ചെയ്യാതെ, അവരുടെ കുടുംബത്തെ നോക്കുകയും, യുദ്ധം ജയിക്കാന് ആവശ്യത്തിനുള്ള സൈന്യമില്ലാതെ യുദ്ധത്തിനു പോകാതിരിക്കാനും, സമാധാനം സ്ഥാപിക്കാനും ശ്രമിക്കണം, ലോകത്തിന്റെ ആദരവ് വാങ്ങുവാനും നമുക്ക് വലിയ ചുമതലയുണ്ട്."
ഒടുവില് രാഷ്ട്രത്തിന്റെ ഒരുമയെക്കുറിച്ച് അദ്ദേഹം സംസാരിച്ചു:
വിശകലന വിദഗ്ദ്ധര് നമ്മുടെ രാജ്യത്തെ ചുവന്ന സംസ്ഥാനങ്ങള് എന്നും നീല സംസ്ഥാനങ്ങള് എന്ന് വേര്തിരിച്ചിരിക്കുന്നു; ചുവന്ന സംസ്ഥാനങ്ങള് റിപ്പബ്ലിക്കന് പാര്ട്ടി അനുഭാവികള്ക്കും, നീല സംസ്ഥാനങ്ങള് ഡെമോക്രാറ്റ് പാര്ട്ടി അനുഭാവികള്ക്കും. പക്ഷെ ഞാന് അവര്ക്ക് ഒരു വാര്ത്ത കൊണ്ടുവന്നിട്ടുണ്ട്. നാം നീല സംസ്ഥാനങ്ങളില് ഭീതിജനകമായ ഒരു ദൈവത്തെ ആരാധിക്കുന്നു, ചുവന്ന സംസ്ഥാനങ്ങളിലാവട്ടെ ഫെഡറല് പ്രതിനിധികള് നമ്മുടെ വായനശാലകളില് കയറുന്നത് നമുക്ക് ഇഷ്ടമല്ല. നീല സംസ്ഥാനങ്ങളില് നാം ചെറിയ ലീഗുകളില് പരിശീലിപ്പിക്കുന്നു, ചുവന്ന സംസ്ഥാനങ്ങളില് ആവട്ടെ സ്വവര്ഗരതിക്കാരായ സുഹ്രുത്തുക്കളും ഉണ്ട്. ഇറാഖ് യുദ്ധത്തെ എതിര്ക്കുന്ന രാജ്യസ്നേഹിക്കുന്നവരും പിന്തുണക്കുന്ന രാജ്യസ്നേഹികളും ഉണ്ട്. നാം എല്ലാം ഒരു ജനമാണ്, നക്ഷത്രത്തിനോടും വരകളോടും സൗഹാര്ദം രേഖപ്പെടുത്തുന്നവര്, അമേരിക്കന് ഐക്യനാടുകളെ സംരക്ഷിക്കുന്നവര്.
ഈ പ്രസംഗം ഒബാമയെ അമേരിക്ക മുഴുവനും പരിചയപ്പെടുത്തിക്കൊടുത്തു. ഈ പ്രസംഗത്തിന്റെ രാജ്യവ്യാപകമായ പ്രക്ഷേപണം ഒബാമയെ അമേരിക്ക മുഴുവന് പ്രശസ്തനാക്കി."[7]
സെനറ്റ് തിരഞ്ഞെടുപ്പ് പ്രചരണം
ഒബാമയുടെ പിന്തുണക്കാര് 2004-ലെ സെനറ്റ് മത്സരത്തിനു പ്രചരണത്തിനുപയോഗിച്ച ബാനറുകളില് ഒന്ന്രണ്ടായിരത്തിനാലില്, ഒബാമ യു.എസ്. സെനറ്റിലേക്ക് മത്സരിച്ചു. ഈ തിരഞ്ഞെടുപ്പിന്റെ അഭിപ്രായ സര്വേയില് ഒബാമ കോടീശ്വരനായ ബ്ലെയര് ഹളിനും ഇല്ലിനോയിയുടെ ചിലവ് പരിശോധകനായിരുന്ന ഡാന് ഹൈന്സിനും പിറകിലായിരുന്നു. എന്നാല് കുടുംബ പീഢയുടെ പേരില് ഹളിന്റെ ജനങ്ങളുടെ ഇടയിലുള്ള വിശ്വാസം നഷ്ടപ്പെടുകയായിരുന്നു.
ഒബാമയുടെ സ്ഥാനാര്ത്ഥിത്വം ഉറപ്പിച്ചത് ഷിക്കാഗോ മേയറായിരുന്ന ഹാരൊള്ഡ് വാഷിംഗ്ടണും യൂ.എസ്. സെനറ്റര് ആയിരുന്ന പോള് സൈമണ് അടക്കമുള്ളവര് പ്രത്യക്ഷപ്പെട്ട പരസ്യങ്ങളും പോള് സൈമണിന്റെ പുത്രിയുടെ സഹായവും ഷിക്കാഗോ ട്രിബ്യൂണിലും ഷിക്കാഗോ സണ്റ്റൈംസിലും വന്ന രാഷ്ട്രീയ വാര്ത്തകളും ആയിരുന്നു. ഏഴ് സ്ഥാനാര്ത്ഥികളുടെ ഇടയില് നിന്ന് ഒബാമക്ക് 52% ശതമാനം വോട്ടുകള് ലഭിച്ചു.
അതിന് ശേഷം റിപ്പബ്ലിക്കന് സ്ഥാനാര്ത്ഥിയായ ജാക്ക് റായനെതിരെയാണ് മത്സരിച്ചത്. പക്ഷെ ചില ലൈഗിക അപവാദങ്ങള് കാരണം റായന് തന്റെ സ്ഥാനാത്ഥിത്വം പിന്വലിച്ചു. എങ്കിലും തിരഞ്ഞെടുപ്പിന് മൂന്ന് മാസം മാത്രമുള്ളപ്പോള് റിപ്പബ്ലിക്കന് സ്ഥാനാര്ത്ഥിയായി അലന് കീയ്സ് സ്ഥാനാര്ത്ഥിത്വം ഏറ്റെടുത്തു. എന്നാല് തിരഞ്ഞെടുപ്പില് ഒബാമക്ക് 70% വോട്ടും ലഭിച്ചു. അലന് കീയ്സിനാവട്ടെ 27% വോട്ടേ ലഭിച്ചുള്ളു.
[തിരുത്തുക] സെനറ്റ് ജീവിതം
രണ്ടായിരത്തിയഞ്ച് ജനുവരി നാലാം തിയതി ഒബാമ ഇല്ലിനോയിയുടെ സെനറ്റര് ആയി പ്രതിജ്ഞയെടുത്തു.
[തിരുത്തുക] പ്രസിഡ്ന്റ് തിരഞ്ഞെടുപ്പ് പ്രചരണം
ഒബാമ / ബൈഡന് പ്രസിഡന്റ് തിരഞ്ഞെടുപ്പ് പ്രചരണം2007 ഫെബ്രുവരിയില് ഇല്ലിനോയിലെ സ്പ്രിങ്ഫീല്ഡിലുള്ള ഓള്ഡ് സ്റ്റേറ്റ് ക്യാപ്പിറ്റൊള് കെട്ടിടത്തില്വച്ച്, ഒബാമ 2008-ല് നടക്കുവാന് പോകുന്ന അമേരിക്കന് പ്രസിഡന്റ് തിരഞ്ഞെടുപ്പിലെ സ്ഥാനാര്ത്ഥിത്വം പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു. ഇല്ലിനോയിലെ തന്റെ സെനറ്റ് ജീവിതത്തെക്കുറിച്ച് പരാമര്ശിച്ചതിന് ശേഷം തന്റെ സ്ഥാനാര്ത്ഥിത്വത്തെ എബ്രാഹം ലിങ്കന്റെ ഹൗസ് ഡിവൈഡഡ് പ്രസംഗവുമായി താരതമ്യപ്പെടുത്തിക്കൊണ്ടാണ് ഒബാമ തന്റെ സ്ഥാനാര്ത്ഥിത്വം പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചത്.
ഒബാമയുടെ പ്രചരണപരിപാടിക്ക് 2007-ന്റെ മധ്യത്തോടെതന്നെ 58 മില്യണ് അമേരിക്കന് ഡോളര് സംഭാവനയായി ലഭിക്കുകയുണ്ടായി. ഇത് അമേരിക്കന് പ്രസിഡന്റ് തിരഞ്ഞെടുപ്പിന്റെ ചരിത്രത്തിലെ തന്നെ ഏറ്റവും വലിയ ധനശേഖരണവും(ആദ്യ ആറുമാസത്തില്) മറ്റ് സ്ഥാനര്ത്ഥികള്ക്ക് ലഭിച്ചതില്നിന്ന് വളരെ അധികവുമായിരുന്നു.
APJ ABDUL KALAM
APJ Abdul Kalam strongly advocates an action plan to develop India into a knowledge superpower and into a developed nation by the year 2020 in his book India 2020. Kalam is credited with the view that India ought to take a more assertive stance in international relations; he regards his work on India's nuclear weapons program as a way to assert India's place as a future superpower.
Kalam continues to take an active interest in other developments in the field of science and technology as well. He has proposed a research programme for developing bio-implants. He is a supporter of Open source software over proprietary solutions and believes that the use of open source software on a large scale will bring more people the benefits of information technology [8].
Kalam's belief in the power of science to resolve society's problems and his views of these problems as a result of inefficient distribution of resources is modernistic. He also sees science and technology as ideology-free areas and emphasises the cultivation of scientific temper and entrepreneurial drive. In this, he finds a lot of support among India's new business leaders like the founders of Infosys and Wipro, (leading Indian IT corporations) who began their careers as technology professionals much in the same way Kalam did.
[edit] Personal life
Abdul Kalam's father was a devout Muslim, who owned boats which he rented out to local fishermen and was a good friend of Hindu religious leaders and the school teachers at Rameshwaram. APJ Abdul Kalam mentions in his biography that to support his studies, he started his career as a newspaper vendor. This was also told in the book, A Boy and His Dream: Three Stories from the Childhood of Abdul Kalam by Vinita Krishna. The house Kalam was born in can still be found on the Mosque street in Rameshwaram, and his brother's curio shop abuts it. This has become a point-of-call for tourists who seek out the place. Kalam grew up in an intimate relationship with nature, and he says in Wings of Fire that he never could imagine that water could be so powerful a destroying force as that he witnessed when he was thirty three. That was in 1964 when a cyclonic storm swept away the Pamban bridge and a trainload of passengers with it and also Kalam's native village, Dhanushkodi. He is a scholar of Thirukkural; in most of his speeches, he quotes at least one kural. Kalam has written several inspirational books, most notably his autobiography Wings of Fire, as well as Ignited Minds,aimed at motivating Indian youth. Another of his books, Guiding Souls: Dialogues on the Purpose of Life reveals his spiritual side. He has written poems in Tamil as well. It has been reported that there is considerable demand in South Korea for translated versions of books authored by him. [9]. Kalam has also patronised grassroots innovations. He is closely associated with the Honey Bee Network and The National innovation Foundation. The NIF is a body of Government of India and operates from Ahmadabad, Gujrat. He respects all religions, including Sikhism and Hinduism.
[edit] As an aerospace engineer
Kalam (left) with ISRO chief G Madhavan Nair on July 8, 2002 on his visit to VSSC-ISROAfter graduating in Science from St. Joseph's College in Tiruchi, Abdul Kalam graduated with a diploma in the mid-1950s from Madras Institute of Technology specializing in Aeronautical Engineering [10]. As the Project Director, he was heavily involved in the development of India's first indigenous Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV-III). As Chief Executive of Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP), he also played a major part in developing many missiles of India including Agni and Prithvi. Although the entire project has been criticised for being overrun and mismanaged[11]. He was the Chief Scientific Adviser to Prime Minister and Secretary, Department of Defence Research & Development from July 1992 to December 1999. Pokhran-II nuclear tests were conducted during this period, led by him.
He is one of those scientists who aims at putting technology created by him to multiple use. He used the light weight carbon-compound material designed for Agni to make callipers for the polio affected. This carbon composite material reduced the weight of the calipers to 400 grams (from its original weight of 4kgs.) Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences (NIMS, Hyderabad) was the birthplace for the defence technology spin offs from Kalam's labs via the DRDL (Defence Research and Development Laboratory), DMRL (Defence Metallurgical Research Lab) and the RCI (Research Centre Imarat). Addressing a conference at Athens, Greece, Kalam told that "Seeing the children run with lighter callipers brought tears to the eyes of their parents. That was the real moment of bliss for me".
[edit] Honours
Abdul Kalam, the 11th President of India, is seen on the left talking with the top students of La Martinière Lucknow. [12]On Wednesday April 29, 2009, he became the first Asian to be bestowed the Hoover Medal, America's top engineering prize, for his outstanding contribution to public service. On September 15, 2009, he was a recipient of the International von Kármán Wings Award [13]. Kalam has received honorary doctorates from as many as thirty universities, including the Carnegie Mellon University, University of Kentucky and the Nanyang Technological University of Singapore.[14]
The Government of India has honoured him with the nation's highest civilian honours: the Padma Bhushan in 1981; Padma Vibhushan in 1990; and the Bharat Ratna in 1997 for his work with ISRO and DRDO and his role as a scientific advisor to the Indian government..
Kalam is the Third President of India to have been honoured with a Bharat Ratna before being elected to the highest office, the other two being Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan and Zakir Hussain. He is also the first scientist and first bachelor to occupy Rashtrapati Bhavan.
Kalam has been chosen to receive prestigious 2008 Hoover Medal for his outstanding public service. The citation said that he is being recognised for making state-of-the-art healthcare available to the common man at affordable prices, bringing quality medical care to rural areas by establishing a link between doctors and technocrats, using spin-offs of defence technology to create state-of-the-art medical equipment and launching tele-medicine projects connecting remote rural-based hospitals to the super-specialty hospital. A pre eminent scientist, a gifted engineer, and a true visionary, he is also a humble humanitarian in every sense of the word, it added. [15]
After his tenure as the president he is now a visiting guest professor at JSS university, Mysore.He agreed to deliver a minimum of four lectures every year.
[edit] Books and documentaries
Kalam's writings
Wings of Fire: An Autobiography of APJ Abdul Kalam by A.P.J Abdul Kalam, Arun Tiwari; by K. Bhushan, G. Katyal; A.P.H. Pub. Corp, 2002.
Scientist to President by Abdul A.P.J. Kalam; Gyan Publishing House, 2003.
Ignited Minds: Unleashing the Power Within India by A.P.J. Abdul Kalam; Penguin Books, 2003.
India 2020: A Vision for the New Millennium by A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, Y.S. Rajan; Penguin Books India, 2003.
India-my-dream by A.P.J. Abdul Kalam; Excel Books, 2004.
Envisioning an Empowered Nation: Technology for Societal Transformation by A.P.J. Abdul Kalam; TATA McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd, 2004.
Guiding Souls: Dialogues on the Purpose of Life by A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, Arun K Tiwari; Ocean Books, 2005.
Children Ask Kalam by A.P.J Abdul Kalam; Pearson Education, ISBN 81-7758-245-3
Biographies
Eternal Quest: Life and Times of Dr. Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam by S. Chandra; Pentagon Publishers, 2002.
President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam by R. K. Pruthi; Anmol Publications, 2002.
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam: The Visionary of India' by K. Bhushan, G. Katyal; A.P.H. Pub. Corp, 2002.
A little Dream' (documentary film) by P. Dhanapal; Minveli Media Works Private Limited, 2008.[16]
The Kalam Effect: My Years with the President by P.M. Nair; Harper Collins, 2008.
Kalam continues to take an active interest in other developments in the field of science and technology as well. He has proposed a research programme for developing bio-implants. He is a supporter of Open source software over proprietary solutions and believes that the use of open source software on a large scale will bring more people the benefits of information technology [8].
Kalam's belief in the power of science to resolve society's problems and his views of these problems as a result of inefficient distribution of resources is modernistic. He also sees science and technology as ideology-free areas and emphasises the cultivation of scientific temper and entrepreneurial drive. In this, he finds a lot of support among India's new business leaders like the founders of Infosys and Wipro, (leading Indian IT corporations) who began their careers as technology professionals much in the same way Kalam did.
[edit] Personal life
Abdul Kalam's father was a devout Muslim, who owned boats which he rented out to local fishermen and was a good friend of Hindu religious leaders and the school teachers at Rameshwaram. APJ Abdul Kalam mentions in his biography that to support his studies, he started his career as a newspaper vendor. This was also told in the book, A Boy and His Dream: Three Stories from the Childhood of Abdul Kalam by Vinita Krishna. The house Kalam was born in can still be found on the Mosque street in Rameshwaram, and his brother's curio shop abuts it. This has become a point-of-call for tourists who seek out the place. Kalam grew up in an intimate relationship with nature, and he says in Wings of Fire that he never could imagine that water could be so powerful a destroying force as that he witnessed when he was thirty three. That was in 1964 when a cyclonic storm swept away the Pamban bridge and a trainload of passengers with it and also Kalam's native village, Dhanushkodi. He is a scholar of Thirukkural; in most of his speeches, he quotes at least one kural. Kalam has written several inspirational books, most notably his autobiography Wings of Fire, as well as Ignited Minds,aimed at motivating Indian youth. Another of his books, Guiding Souls: Dialogues on the Purpose of Life reveals his spiritual side. He has written poems in Tamil as well. It has been reported that there is considerable demand in South Korea for translated versions of books authored by him. [9]. Kalam has also patronised grassroots innovations. He is closely associated with the Honey Bee Network and The National innovation Foundation. The NIF is a body of Government of India and operates from Ahmadabad, Gujrat. He respects all religions, including Sikhism and Hinduism.
[edit] As an aerospace engineer
Kalam (left) with ISRO chief G Madhavan Nair on July 8, 2002 on his visit to VSSC-ISROAfter graduating in Science from St. Joseph's College in Tiruchi, Abdul Kalam graduated with a diploma in the mid-1950s from Madras Institute of Technology specializing in Aeronautical Engineering [10]. As the Project Director, he was heavily involved in the development of India's first indigenous Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV-III). As Chief Executive of Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP), he also played a major part in developing many missiles of India including Agni and Prithvi. Although the entire project has been criticised for being overrun and mismanaged[11]. He was the Chief Scientific Adviser to Prime Minister and Secretary, Department of Defence Research & Development from July 1992 to December 1999. Pokhran-II nuclear tests were conducted during this period, led by him.
He is one of those scientists who aims at putting technology created by him to multiple use. He used the light weight carbon-compound material designed for Agni to make callipers for the polio affected. This carbon composite material reduced the weight of the calipers to 400 grams (from its original weight of 4kgs.) Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences (NIMS, Hyderabad) was the birthplace for the defence technology spin offs from Kalam's labs via the DRDL (Defence Research and Development Laboratory), DMRL (Defence Metallurgical Research Lab) and the RCI (Research Centre Imarat). Addressing a conference at Athens, Greece, Kalam told that "Seeing the children run with lighter callipers brought tears to the eyes of their parents. That was the real moment of bliss for me".
[edit] Honours
Abdul Kalam, the 11th President of India, is seen on the left talking with the top students of La Martinière Lucknow. [12]On Wednesday April 29, 2009, he became the first Asian to be bestowed the Hoover Medal, America's top engineering prize, for his outstanding contribution to public service. On September 15, 2009, he was a recipient of the International von Kármán Wings Award [13]. Kalam has received honorary doctorates from as many as thirty universities, including the Carnegie Mellon University, University of Kentucky and the Nanyang Technological University of Singapore.[14]
The Government of India has honoured him with the nation's highest civilian honours: the Padma Bhushan in 1981; Padma Vibhushan in 1990; and the Bharat Ratna in 1997 for his work with ISRO and DRDO and his role as a scientific advisor to the Indian government..
Kalam is the Third President of India to have been honoured with a Bharat Ratna before being elected to the highest office, the other two being Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan and Zakir Hussain. He is also the first scientist and first bachelor to occupy Rashtrapati Bhavan.
Kalam has been chosen to receive prestigious 2008 Hoover Medal for his outstanding public service. The citation said that he is being recognised for making state-of-the-art healthcare available to the common man at affordable prices, bringing quality medical care to rural areas by establishing a link between doctors and technocrats, using spin-offs of defence technology to create state-of-the-art medical equipment and launching tele-medicine projects connecting remote rural-based hospitals to the super-specialty hospital. A pre eminent scientist, a gifted engineer, and a true visionary, he is also a humble humanitarian in every sense of the word, it added. [15]
After his tenure as the president he is now a visiting guest professor at JSS university, Mysore.He agreed to deliver a minimum of four lectures every year.
[edit] Books and documentaries
Kalam's writings
Wings of Fire: An Autobiography of APJ Abdul Kalam by A.P.J Abdul Kalam, Arun Tiwari; by K. Bhushan, G. Katyal; A.P.H. Pub. Corp, 2002.
Scientist to President by Abdul A.P.J. Kalam; Gyan Publishing House, 2003.
Ignited Minds: Unleashing the Power Within India by A.P.J. Abdul Kalam; Penguin Books, 2003.
India 2020: A Vision for the New Millennium by A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, Y.S. Rajan; Penguin Books India, 2003.
India-my-dream by A.P.J. Abdul Kalam; Excel Books, 2004.
Envisioning an Empowered Nation: Technology for Societal Transformation by A.P.J. Abdul Kalam; TATA McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd, 2004.
Guiding Souls: Dialogues on the Purpose of Life by A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, Arun K Tiwari; Ocean Books, 2005.
Children Ask Kalam by A.P.J Abdul Kalam; Pearson Education, ISBN 81-7758-245-3
Biographies
Eternal Quest: Life and Times of Dr. Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam by S. Chandra; Pentagon Publishers, 2002.
President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam by R. K. Pruthi; Anmol Publications, 2002.
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam: The Visionary of India' by K. Bhushan, G. Katyal; A.P.H. Pub. Corp, 2002.
A little Dream' (documentary film) by P. Dhanapal; Minveli Media Works Private Limited, 2008.[16]
The Kalam Effect: My Years with the President by P.M. Nair; Harper Collins, 2008.
KERALAM
There are myths concerning the origin of Kerala. One such myth is the creation of Kerala by Parasurama, a warrior sage. The Brahminical myth proclaims that Parasurama, an avatar of Mahavishnu, threw his battle axe into the sea. As a result, the land of Kerala arose and was reclaimed from the waters.[2]
Parasurama was not ever the incarnation of Maha Vishnu. He was the sixth of the ten avatars (incarnation) of Vishnu. The word Parasu means 'axe' in Sanskrit and therefore the name Parasurama means 'Ram with Axe'. The aim of his birth was to deliver the world from the arrogant oppression of the ruling caste, the Kshatriyas. He killed all the male Kshatriyas on earth and filled five lakes with their blood. After destroying the Kshatriya kings, he approached assembly of learned men to find a way of penitence for his sins. He was advised that, to save his soul from damnation, he must hand over the lands he had conquered to the Brahmins. He did as they advised and sat in meditation at Gokarnam. There, Varuna -the God of the Oceans and Bhumidevi - Goddess of Earth blessed him. From Gokarnam he reached Kanyakumari and threw his axe northward across the ocean. The place where the axe landed was Kerala. It was 160 katam (an old measure) of land lying between Gokarnam and Kanyakumari. Puranas say that it was Parasuram who planted the 64 Brahmin families in Kerala, whom he brought down from the north in order to expiate his slaughter of the Kshatriyas. According to the puranas, Kerala is also known as Parasurama Kshetram, ie., 'The Land of Parasurama', as the land was reclaimed from sea by him.
This legend, however, may be a Brahmin appropriation of an earlier Chera legend where a Chera King, Velkezhu Kuttavan, otherwise known a Chen Kuttuvan flings his spear into the sea to claim land from it.[3] The myth of Parashurama is debatable as the legendary king Mahabali, under whose rule Kerala was the land of prosperity and happiness, was granted rule over netherworld (Patalam) by Vamana the avatar of Vishnu, who actually comes before the avatar of Parashurama according to the avatar stories of Hindu mythology.
One legend of Kerala even makes Parasurama a Pandya ruler.[4] In another legend, the Pandyas themselves are the manifestations of Parasurama.[5] P.N. Chopra writes, "Parasurama is deemed by the Keralites as the father of their national identity."[6] The Kollam Era is also known as "Parasurama-Sacam".[7] Travancore Rajas claim descent from Chera King Bhanu Bikram, who according to legend was placed on the throne by Parasurama.[8] Scholar K. Narayanan Sivaraja Pillai mentions, "Even as the West Coast owes its very rudiments of civilized life to Parasurama...".[9] In the Keralolpatti, Parasurama is said to have selected goddess Durga (Kali) to be the guardian of the sea-shore of Kerala.[10] According to legend, Chera King Kuttuvan Chera (also called Kota Varman) once enraged, threw an into the sea, thereby causing it to retreat and the land to dry.[11] According to another legend, a Pandyan called "Vadimbalamba ninrapandyan" threw his spear into the sea, hereby causing the same effect.[11] There is another story of Ukkira Pandiyan obtaining a spear from the Sivan of Madura, and throwing it into the sea, causing the shore to retreat.[11] Tradition says that Parasurama minted gold coins called Rasi and that in Travancore, he sowed them and buried the surplus in Cairns.[12]
[edit] Early history
A Muniyara, dolmens erected by Neolithic tribesmen, in Marayoor.The earliest written record mentioning Kerala is contained in the Sanskrit epic known as the Aitareya Aranyaka. Later, such figures as Katyayana (circa 4th century BCE) and Patanjali (circa 2nd century BCE) exhibited in their writings a casual familiarity with Kerala's geography. Megasthanes, the Greek Ambassador to the court of Emperor Chandragupta Maurya (4th Century BCE) mentions in his work Indica on many South Indian States, including Automela (probably Muziris), and a Pandian trade centre. Ancient Roman Natural philosopher Pliny the Elder mentions in his Naturalis Historia (N.H. 6.26) a Muziris probably modern-day Kodungallur or Pattanam as India's first port of Importance. Later, the unknown author of the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea notes that "both Muziris and Nelkunda (modern Nillakal) are now busy places".
Malayalam, Kerala's main native language, believed to be originated as an offshoot of Tamil as all historical records available till date from Kerala is in Tamil, the principal native language of neighboring Tamil Nadu was Tamil. Malayalam (Derived from the local words: mala (means Mountain) and aalam (means Kingdom)) as a composite phrase means the living/inhabitants of Mountain Kingdom. This phrase, which in earlier times implied the geographical location of the region, was later replaced by Kerala. Kerala and Tamil Nadu diverged into linguistically separate regions by the early 14th century BCE. The ancient Chera Empire, whose court language was Tamil, ruled Kerala from their capital at Vanchi Karuvur (modern Karur in Tamil Nadu) as Kerala Society was more Feudal than Royal with Arya Namboothiri communities heading the Social order. Kerala at that time was composed of two regions, Venadu (later called Travancore) and Kuttanadu (Malabar). Allied with the Pallavas, they continually warred against the neighbouring Chola and Pandyan Empire. History says that (recorded im Mackenzie records) a Chozha princess was married to the Chera of Karur and he got a dowry of 48,000 agriculturists from the Chozha country. These people were settled in the then forested region of Venadu and Kuttanadu and thus the first agricultural settlements arose in what is called Kerala today.
A Keralite identity is associated with the development of Malayalam, subsequently evolved sometime during the 8th–14th centuries. Meanwhile, both Buddhism and Jainism reached Kerala in this early period. As in other parts of Ancient India, Buddhism and Jainism co-existed with early Christian and Shaivite beliefs during the first five centuries. By the 8th and 9th centuries, 2nd Chera kings inclined to Vaishnavism and some of them wrote great literary works in the stream of Vishnu Bhakthi. When Hinduism was revived by intellectuals like Adi Shankara and by Bhakti movements all over India, Buddhism and Jainism merged into their mother religion.
[edit] Overseas contact
A Hebrew inscription at the Mattancherry Synagogue in Kochi, India, built in 1344 CE. It is the oldest synagogue in the Commonwealth of Nations.The significant presence of West Asians - primarily traders - on the Malabar coast has been recorded in many Roman[13] and Tamil[14] sources. They were encouraged to settle and set up trading outposts and factories by the local kings. Many migrations into Kerala were to escape religious and/or racial persecution. Jews of Kerala claimed to be remnants of the Jews that left the northern Kingdom of Israel following the Assyrian invasion of 721 BCE. The white Jews were refugees from Spain following the promulgation of the Edict of Expulsion. Thomas the Apostle visited this region in 52 CE and preached Christianity among the Jewish people who are now known as Nasranis. Another well recorded (in the Tharisappally records) arrival of Mar Abo on invitation from Kollam King, is from Assyria in the 9th century CE who was the founder of the present Christian religion in Kerala shores independent from Vaishnavism. With the advent of Islam in West Asia the traders visiting Kerala's shores contained ever larger proportions of Muslims. Malik Ibn Dinar created the first Muslim settlement in Kerala in the 7th century CE. Arab Muslims eventually dominated the sea trade with Kerala until the arrival of the Portuguese in the 15th century CE. As the Muslim settlers gained strength clashes erupted between them and the Christian & Jewish settlers in the 9th century CE. This resulted in Muslim control of trading centres and the latter communities scattering to places such as Angamaly and others further south[15].
[edit] Colonial
Vasco da Gama delivers the letter of King Manuel I of Portugal to the Saamoothiri of Calicut.
Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma was the last ruling Maharaja of the princely state of Travancore.Vasco da Gama's voyage to Kerala from Portugal in 1498 was largely motivated by Portuguese determination to break the Arabs' control over trade of spices grown in Kerala. The spice trade with the Middle East pre-dates Islam. Da Gama established India's first Portuguese fortress at Cochin (Kochi) in 1503 and taking advantage of rivalry between the royal families of Calicut and Cochin, ended the Arab monopoly. Conflicts between Calicut and Cochin, however, provided an opportunity for the Dutch to come in and finally expel the Roman Catholic Portuguese from their forts.
The Dutch East India company commander Captain Eustachius De Lannoy surrenders to Travancore king Marthanda Varma in the 1741 Battle of ColachelThe Dutch were, in turn, routed by the Nairs of Travancore (Thiruvithamcoore) ruler Marthanda Varma at the Battle of Kulachal in 1741. Hyder Ali of Mysore conquered northern Kerala in the 18th century, capturing Kozhikode in 1766. Hyder Ali and his successor, Tipu Sultan, (but Nairs under the capable Diwan of Travancoore Raja Keshavadas (Keshava pillai Diwanji) defeated Tippu near Aluva) came into conflict with the British, and the four Anglo-Mysore wars were fought across southern India in the latter half of the 18th century. Tipu Sultan ceded Malabar District to the British in 1792, and South Kanara, which included present-day Kasargod District, in 1799. The British concluded treaties of subsidiary alliance with the rulers of Cochin (1791) and Travancore (1795), and they became princely states of British India, maintaining local autonomy in return for a fixed annual tribute to the British. Malabar and South Kanara districts were part of British India's Madras Presidency.
Organised expressions of discontent with British rule were relatively infrequent in Kerala. Uprisings of note include the rebellion by Pazhassi Raja, Velu Thampi Dalawa and the Punnapra-Vayalar revolt of 1946. The 1921 Moplah Rebellion involved Mappila Muslims rioting against 'Janmi' system and the British Raj. Mass protests were mainly directed at established social evils such as untouchability. The non-violent and largely peaceful Vaikom Satyagraha of 1924 was instrumental in securing entry to the public roads adjacent to the Vaikom temple for people belonging to backward castes. In 1936, Sree Chithira Thirunal Balaramavarma the ruler of Travancore issued the Temple Entry Proclamation, declaring the temples of his kingdom open to all Hindu worshippers, irrespective of caste.
[edit] Modern post-colonial
After India's independence in 1947, the princely states of Travancore and Kochi were merged to form the province (after 1950 a state) of Travancore-Cochin on July 1, 1949. Madras Presidency became India's Madras State.
The state of Kerala was created on November 1, 1956 when Malabar District was merged with Tranvancore-Cochin state and Kasargod taluk of South Kanara District and Kaniyakumari was given over to Tamil Nadu to form the State of Kerala, based on the recommendations of the State Reorganisation Commission set up by the Government of India.[16] Elections for the new Kerala Legislative Assembly were held in 1957; this resulted in the formation of a communist-led government[16] headed by E.M.S. Namboodiripad. Many Indians consider this the first democratically elected communist government[17] in the world; however, both San Marino (in 1948) and Guyana (in 1953) had elected communists to power years earlier. The social factors leading to elections of the communists was discussed in the 1959 book The red interlude in Kerala by Kainikkara Padmanabha Pillai.[18] Radical reforms introduced by the E. M. S. Namboodiripad government in favour of farmers and labourers helped change, to a great extent, the iniquitous social order that had prevailed in Kerala for centuries
Parasurama was not ever the incarnation of Maha Vishnu. He was the sixth of the ten avatars (incarnation) of Vishnu. The word Parasu means 'axe' in Sanskrit and therefore the name Parasurama means 'Ram with Axe'. The aim of his birth was to deliver the world from the arrogant oppression of the ruling caste, the Kshatriyas. He killed all the male Kshatriyas on earth and filled five lakes with their blood. After destroying the Kshatriya kings, he approached assembly of learned men to find a way of penitence for his sins. He was advised that, to save his soul from damnation, he must hand over the lands he had conquered to the Brahmins. He did as they advised and sat in meditation at Gokarnam. There, Varuna -the God of the Oceans and Bhumidevi - Goddess of Earth blessed him. From Gokarnam he reached Kanyakumari and threw his axe northward across the ocean. The place where the axe landed was Kerala. It was 160 katam (an old measure) of land lying between Gokarnam and Kanyakumari. Puranas say that it was Parasuram who planted the 64 Brahmin families in Kerala, whom he brought down from the north in order to expiate his slaughter of the Kshatriyas. According to the puranas, Kerala is also known as Parasurama Kshetram, ie., 'The Land of Parasurama', as the land was reclaimed from sea by him.
This legend, however, may be a Brahmin appropriation of an earlier Chera legend where a Chera King, Velkezhu Kuttavan, otherwise known a Chen Kuttuvan flings his spear into the sea to claim land from it.[3] The myth of Parashurama is debatable as the legendary king Mahabali, under whose rule Kerala was the land of prosperity and happiness, was granted rule over netherworld (Patalam) by Vamana the avatar of Vishnu, who actually comes before the avatar of Parashurama according to the avatar stories of Hindu mythology.
One legend of Kerala even makes Parasurama a Pandya ruler.[4] In another legend, the Pandyas themselves are the manifestations of Parasurama.[5] P.N. Chopra writes, "Parasurama is deemed by the Keralites as the father of their national identity."[6] The Kollam Era is also known as "Parasurama-Sacam".[7] Travancore Rajas claim descent from Chera King Bhanu Bikram, who according to legend was placed on the throne by Parasurama.[8] Scholar K. Narayanan Sivaraja Pillai mentions, "Even as the West Coast owes its very rudiments of civilized life to Parasurama...".[9] In the Keralolpatti, Parasurama is said to have selected goddess Durga (Kali) to be the guardian of the sea-shore of Kerala.[10] According to legend, Chera King Kuttuvan Chera (also called Kota Varman) once enraged, threw an into the sea, thereby causing it to retreat and the land to dry.[11] According to another legend, a Pandyan called "Vadimbalamba ninrapandyan" threw his spear into the sea, hereby causing the same effect.[11] There is another story of Ukkira Pandiyan obtaining a spear from the Sivan of Madura, and throwing it into the sea, causing the shore to retreat.[11] Tradition says that Parasurama minted gold coins called Rasi and that in Travancore, he sowed them and buried the surplus in Cairns.[12]
[edit] Early history
A Muniyara, dolmens erected by Neolithic tribesmen, in Marayoor.The earliest written record mentioning Kerala is contained in the Sanskrit epic known as the Aitareya Aranyaka. Later, such figures as Katyayana (circa 4th century BCE) and Patanjali (circa 2nd century BCE) exhibited in their writings a casual familiarity with Kerala's geography. Megasthanes, the Greek Ambassador to the court of Emperor Chandragupta Maurya (4th Century BCE) mentions in his work Indica on many South Indian States, including Automela (probably Muziris), and a Pandian trade centre. Ancient Roman Natural philosopher Pliny the Elder mentions in his Naturalis Historia (N.H. 6.26) a Muziris probably modern-day Kodungallur or Pattanam as India's first port of Importance. Later, the unknown author of the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea notes that "both Muziris and Nelkunda (modern Nillakal) are now busy places".
Malayalam, Kerala's main native language, believed to be originated as an offshoot of Tamil as all historical records available till date from Kerala is in Tamil, the principal native language of neighboring Tamil Nadu was Tamil. Malayalam (Derived from the local words: mala (means Mountain) and aalam (means Kingdom)) as a composite phrase means the living/inhabitants of Mountain Kingdom. This phrase, which in earlier times implied the geographical location of the region, was later replaced by Kerala. Kerala and Tamil Nadu diverged into linguistically separate regions by the early 14th century BCE. The ancient Chera Empire, whose court language was Tamil, ruled Kerala from their capital at Vanchi Karuvur (modern Karur in Tamil Nadu) as Kerala Society was more Feudal than Royal with Arya Namboothiri communities heading the Social order. Kerala at that time was composed of two regions, Venadu (later called Travancore) and Kuttanadu (Malabar). Allied with the Pallavas, they continually warred against the neighbouring Chola and Pandyan Empire. History says that (recorded im Mackenzie records) a Chozha princess was married to the Chera of Karur and he got a dowry of 48,000 agriculturists from the Chozha country. These people were settled in the then forested region of Venadu and Kuttanadu and thus the first agricultural settlements arose in what is called Kerala today.
A Keralite identity is associated with the development of Malayalam, subsequently evolved sometime during the 8th–14th centuries. Meanwhile, both Buddhism and Jainism reached Kerala in this early period. As in other parts of Ancient India, Buddhism and Jainism co-existed with early Christian and Shaivite beliefs during the first five centuries. By the 8th and 9th centuries, 2nd Chera kings inclined to Vaishnavism and some of them wrote great literary works in the stream of Vishnu Bhakthi. When Hinduism was revived by intellectuals like Adi Shankara and by Bhakti movements all over India, Buddhism and Jainism merged into their mother religion.
[edit] Overseas contact
A Hebrew inscription at the Mattancherry Synagogue in Kochi, India, built in 1344 CE. It is the oldest synagogue in the Commonwealth of Nations.The significant presence of West Asians - primarily traders - on the Malabar coast has been recorded in many Roman[13] and Tamil[14] sources. They were encouraged to settle and set up trading outposts and factories by the local kings. Many migrations into Kerala were to escape religious and/or racial persecution. Jews of Kerala claimed to be remnants of the Jews that left the northern Kingdom of Israel following the Assyrian invasion of 721 BCE. The white Jews were refugees from Spain following the promulgation of the Edict of Expulsion. Thomas the Apostle visited this region in 52 CE and preached Christianity among the Jewish people who are now known as Nasranis. Another well recorded (in the Tharisappally records) arrival of Mar Abo on invitation from Kollam King, is from Assyria in the 9th century CE who was the founder of the present Christian religion in Kerala shores independent from Vaishnavism. With the advent of Islam in West Asia the traders visiting Kerala's shores contained ever larger proportions of Muslims. Malik Ibn Dinar created the first Muslim settlement in Kerala in the 7th century CE. Arab Muslims eventually dominated the sea trade with Kerala until the arrival of the Portuguese in the 15th century CE. As the Muslim settlers gained strength clashes erupted between them and the Christian & Jewish settlers in the 9th century CE. This resulted in Muslim control of trading centres and the latter communities scattering to places such as Angamaly and others further south[15].
[edit] Colonial
Vasco da Gama delivers the letter of King Manuel I of Portugal to the Saamoothiri of Calicut.
Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma was the last ruling Maharaja of the princely state of Travancore.Vasco da Gama's voyage to Kerala from Portugal in 1498 was largely motivated by Portuguese determination to break the Arabs' control over trade of spices grown in Kerala. The spice trade with the Middle East pre-dates Islam. Da Gama established India's first Portuguese fortress at Cochin (Kochi) in 1503 and taking advantage of rivalry between the royal families of Calicut and Cochin, ended the Arab monopoly. Conflicts between Calicut and Cochin, however, provided an opportunity for the Dutch to come in and finally expel the Roman Catholic Portuguese from their forts.
The Dutch East India company commander Captain Eustachius De Lannoy surrenders to Travancore king Marthanda Varma in the 1741 Battle of ColachelThe Dutch were, in turn, routed by the Nairs of Travancore (Thiruvithamcoore) ruler Marthanda Varma at the Battle of Kulachal in 1741. Hyder Ali of Mysore conquered northern Kerala in the 18th century, capturing Kozhikode in 1766. Hyder Ali and his successor, Tipu Sultan, (but Nairs under the capable Diwan of Travancoore Raja Keshavadas (Keshava pillai Diwanji) defeated Tippu near Aluva) came into conflict with the British, and the four Anglo-Mysore wars were fought across southern India in the latter half of the 18th century. Tipu Sultan ceded Malabar District to the British in 1792, and South Kanara, which included present-day Kasargod District, in 1799. The British concluded treaties of subsidiary alliance with the rulers of Cochin (1791) and Travancore (1795), and they became princely states of British India, maintaining local autonomy in return for a fixed annual tribute to the British. Malabar and South Kanara districts were part of British India's Madras Presidency.
Organised expressions of discontent with British rule were relatively infrequent in Kerala. Uprisings of note include the rebellion by Pazhassi Raja, Velu Thampi Dalawa and the Punnapra-Vayalar revolt of 1946. The 1921 Moplah Rebellion involved Mappila Muslims rioting against 'Janmi' system and the British Raj. Mass protests were mainly directed at established social evils such as untouchability. The non-violent and largely peaceful Vaikom Satyagraha of 1924 was instrumental in securing entry to the public roads adjacent to the Vaikom temple for people belonging to backward castes. In 1936, Sree Chithira Thirunal Balaramavarma the ruler of Travancore issued the Temple Entry Proclamation, declaring the temples of his kingdom open to all Hindu worshippers, irrespective of caste.
[edit] Modern post-colonial
After India's independence in 1947, the princely states of Travancore and Kochi were merged to form the province (after 1950 a state) of Travancore-Cochin on July 1, 1949. Madras Presidency became India's Madras State.
The state of Kerala was created on November 1, 1956 when Malabar District was merged with Tranvancore-Cochin state and Kasargod taluk of South Kanara District and Kaniyakumari was given over to Tamil Nadu to form the State of Kerala, based on the recommendations of the State Reorganisation Commission set up by the Government of India.[16] Elections for the new Kerala Legislative Assembly were held in 1957; this resulted in the formation of a communist-led government[16] headed by E.M.S. Namboodiripad. Many Indians consider this the first democratically elected communist government[17] in the world; however, both San Marino (in 1948) and Guyana (in 1953) had elected communists to power years earlier. The social factors leading to elections of the communists was discussed in the 1959 book The red interlude in Kerala by Kainikkara Padmanabha Pillai.[18] Radical reforms introduced by the E. M. S. Namboodiripad government in favour of farmers and labourers helped change, to a great extent, the iniquitous social order that had prevailed in Kerala for centuries
Tuesday, January 5, 2010
Friday, November 13, 2009
would you just listen
Would you just listen and please don't say a word, just yet,I'd like you to think back to the very first time we met,How you felt around me? The memories we shared,And just remember that once upon a time, you really cared.Now think about how we parted, and how much I cried,But please don't speak, remember that I never ever lied,That I told you the honest truth about why we were to split,But now I'd like you to know that my heart broke bit by bit.The pain was deep, unbearable and painful, for so many years,I'll never forget all the sadness, all the uncontrollable tears,Slowly I am rebuilding my life, I am content with what I've got,And although it is hard I am beginning to forget what I have not.You were a special part of my life that I will never forget, A part of my life that broke my heart, but that I don't regret,You gave me some happy memories that I'll keep in my heart,Although sometimes I wish that you and I didn't have to part.You were my first love and my true love, that will always be so,After all of the heartache, sadness and never ending pain, I know,You and I had something special and that will never change,Because I love you and loving someone else will always seem strange.Would you just listen and please don't say a word, not ever,I'd like you to remember that once upon a time, we said forever,That I had hopes and dreams, that I was the one who threw them away,And this is something I will always regret until my dying day.
a story from heart
I once heard a story straight from the heartAbout a girl and how her world began to fall apartIt all started when she met the boy that made her life completeJust thinking of him made her heart skip a beatThey were the couple everyone wanted to beThere were no imperfections as either one could seeAs the weeks passed they fell more in love and were less awareOf how often life turns out to be unfairUntil one day she finally gave inShe realized there was no way she could winShe said I'm sorry but i have to let you goAs he reached for her hand she pulled away whispering noWhen she turned around a tear slid down her cheekHe just stood there speechless, forgetting how to speakThe next few days were the hardest at homeShe truly felt she was all aloneHer mom pushed in her face how she had wonHer dad said "i knew he was just another one"Her sister said "come on you'll be ok"And her brother just tried to stay awayAt school it was like her friends weren't even thereNone of them seemed to really careHer life had no more color, just black and whiteEven getting out of bed turned into a fightDespite their tries things just weren't like beforeThen he decided "i don't wanna try anymore"At that she tried to cut him outBut the more she ignored him the more her feelings began to shoutWhen she saw him that day she could no longer just walk byAnd before she knew it her mouth opened up and out came "hi"He looked up and said "so now we're talking?"She just smiled and join his walkingEveryday they talked a little moreAnd everyday she began to like him a little less then beforeAs the months passed by she became more and more awareAbout how its ok life's unfairBecause eventually everything becomes your pastBut your memories will always lastAnd with that i hope you seeNot all love is meant to beBut hold on and don't give inStand tall, hold up your chinAnd believe me when i sayThe right one will come one dayHe'll open your eyes to things you couldn't ever seeI know this because..this is a story all about me...***I'm really flattered that everyone likes this poem so much, but i would highly appreciate it if you didn't copy it or put it on any of your web pages. this is my poem and i would like it to stay private because people are starting to think I'm the one who copied it.***
yourlove
Your love was like a battle, Your love gave me much pain. But i swear if i could turn time, Without hesitation, I'd love you again. Your love broke me to pieces, Your love shattered me bad. But I'd trade everything, for the moments that we had. Your love was like a thunder, Your love electrified me dear. Oh where art thou, my sweet beloved? I want your hand to erase my tears. Your love was like a beautiful novel, Your love was a story that had to end. But worry not, most precious creature, You can always consider me a friend. Your love was like a battle, Your love gave me much pain. But i swear if i could turn back time, I'd love you all over again.*Yes i would...
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